Leadframe Having Organic, Polymerizable Photo-Imageable Adhesion Layer

ABSTRACT

A lead frame that is partially covered with an adhesion layer. A method for forming a lead frame with an adhesion layer starting with a lead frame and using a photo-imageable polyimide or epoxy material to form the adhesion layer. A method for forming a lead frame with an adhesion layer starting with a lead frame blank and using a photo-imageable polyimide or epoxy material to form the adhesion layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 15/282,534 filedSep. 30, 2016, the contents of which hereby is incorporated by referencein its entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to the field of packaged integrated circuits.More particularly, this disclosure relates to an adhesion layer on alead frame in a packaged integrated circuit.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are cross-sections of a packaged integratedcircuit.

FIG. 2 is a cross section of a packaged wire bond integrated circuit.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-sections illustrating the attachment of apackaged integrated circuit to an embodiment lead frame with adhesionlayer.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-sections illustrating the attachment of apackaged integrated circuit to an embodiment lead frame with adhesionlayer.

FIGS. 3C, 3D, and 3E are cross-sections of a packaged integrated circuitwith adhesion layers formed in accordance with embodiments.

FIGS. 4A through 4D are cross-sections of a packaged wire bondedintegrated circuit with adhesion layers formed in accordance withembodiments.

FIGS. 5A-1 through 5D are cross-sections illustrating the attachment ofa packaged integrated circuit with an embodiment lead frame to a circuitboard.

FIGS. 6A through 6C are cross-sections illustrating the attachment of apackaged integrated circuit with an embodiment lead frame to a circuitboard.

FIGS. 7A through 7E-4 are cross sections of the embodiment lead framesof FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D depicted in successive stages of fabricationusing a first method.

FIGS. 8A through 8E are plan views of the embodiment lead frames ofFIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D depicted in successive stages of fabricationusing the first method.

FIGS. 9A through 9F are cross sections of the embodiment lead frame ofFIG. 3E depicted in successive stages of fabrication using a secondmethod.

FIGS. 10A through 10F are plan views of the embodiment lead frame ofFIG. 3E depicted in successive stages of fabrication using the secondmethod.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are cross sections of the embodiment lead frame ofFIG. 3E depicted in successive stages of fabrication using a thirdmethod.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the disclosure are described with reference to theattached figures. The figures are not drawn to scale and they areprovided merely to illustrate the disclosure. Several aspects of theembodiments are described below with reference to example applicationsfor illustration. It should be understood that numerous specificdetails, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide anunderstanding of the disclosure. One skilled in the relevant art,however, will readily recognize that the disclosure can be practicedwithout one or more of the specific details or with other methods. Inother instances, well-known structures or operations are not shown indetail to avoid obscuring the disclosure. The embodiments are notlimited by the illustrated ordering of acts or events, as some acts mayoccur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events.Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required toimplement a methodology in accordance with the present disclosure.

A quad-flat no lead (QFN) packaged integrated circuit is illustrated inFIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C.

FIG. 1A illustrates an integrated circuit chip (IC) 110 with copperposts 108 topped with solder 111. This IC chip 110 is flipped upsidedown and the solder 111 is heated to cause it to reflow and bond tosolderable pads 104 on a lead frame 102 as shown in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 1B shows the IC 110 of FIG. 1A bonded to a lead frame 102 andencapsulated in molding compound 112. Typically the lead frame 102 iscopper or a copper alloy coated with an anti-tarnish material to retardoxidation. The solder 111 is heated to form a reflowed solder joint 114between the copper post 108 and the solderable pads 104 on the leadframe 102. The solderable pads 104 typically are composed of a metal orcomposite metal that is electroplated onto the lead frame 102. Thesolderable pad 104 may be a metal such as palladium on nickel orpalladium/nickel/gold. The IC chip 110 and lead frame 102 may then beencapsulated in molding compound 112 such as a filled epoxy to formpackaged IC 100. The molding compound 112 in a QFN packaged IC 100directly contacts the lead frame 102 metal. Surface mount pads 106 onthe bottom side of the lead frame 102 may be used when attaching thepackaged IC 100 to a circuit board.

The distance 115 (FIG. 1B) between the IC chip 110 and the lead frame102 depends upon the extent to which the solder 111 reflows when formingthe solder joint 114. The height 115 of solder joint 114 in FIG. 1B isgreater than the height 117 of solder joint 116 in FIG. 1C because thesolder in FIG. 1B reflowed less. Increased solder joint height reducesstress on the solder joint during temperature changes. Solder jointswith increased height are less susceptible to failure.

A QFN packaged wire bond integrated circuit 200 is illustrated in FIG.2. The IC chip 210 is attached to the lead frame 202 with an adhesivelayer 224. Wire bonds 220 electrically connect bond pads 213 on the ICchip 210 to wire bond pads 222 on the lead frame 202. The IC chip 210and lead frame 202 are encapsulated with a molding compound 112 to formthe packaged wire-bonded integrated circuit 200.

An embodiment ball bond packaged integrated circuit 300 is shown in FIG.3B. The embodiment adhesion layer 302 between the molding compound 112and the lead frame 102 significantly reduces delamination and failureduring moisture sensitivity limit (MSL) testing and during thermalcycling testing.

As is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B the adhesion layer 302 maypartially cover the solderable pads 104 on the lead frame 102. Theopening in the adhesion layer 302 over the solderable pad 104 is smallerthan the surface of the solderable pad 104 and it limits the reflow areaof the solder 111 during the formation of the solder joint 308.

Shown in FIG. 3A is an IC chip 110 with copper posts 108 topped withsolder 111 just prior to being soldered to an embodiment lead frame 102.

As shown FIG. 3B the opening in the adhesion layer 302 over thesolderable pad 104 is smaller than the solderable pad 104 and it limitsthe lateral flow of the solder during formation of the solder joint 308.This increases the height of the solder joint 308 and thereforeincreases the distance 115 between the lead frame 102 and the IC chip110. This increased distance 115 improves reliability by reducing thestress imposed on the solder joint 308 during temperature changes. Theheight of the solder joint 308 is related to the thickness of theadhesion layer 302. In this embodiment, the height of the solder joint308 is at least the thickness of the adhesion layer 302. However, theheight of the solder joint 308 may be greater than the thickness of theadhesion layer 302. Moreover, height of the solder joint 308 may beincreased by increasing the thickness of the adhesion layer 302.

In addition to reducing failures due to delamination of the moldingcompound 112 from the lead frame 102 and reducing failures by reducingstress on the solder joints 308 during temperature changes, the adhesionlayer 302 also reduces manufacturing cost by eliminating the need toapply an anti-tarnish coating to the lead frame 102 during lead framemanufacture. The adhesion layer 302 may also reinforce the lead frame,thereby preventing warpage during molding.

The adhesion of molding compounds 112 (such as filled epoxies) to leadframe 102 metals (such as copper or copper alloy) is typically poor.Therefore, adhesion failures may occur during moisture sensitivity limittesting (MSL) and during thermal cycling reliability testing. Theadhesion layer 302 may be an organic material such as a photo-imageablepolyimide or epoxy that may be used during the manufacture of circuitboards. The adhesion layer 302 adheres strongly to the lead frame 102metal and also adheres strongly to the molding compound 112, providingsuperior adhesion compared to the typical mold compound to lead frameinterface in a QFN device. Depending upon the material used for theadhesion layer 302 and the molding compound 112; strong covalent bondsmay form between the adhesion layer 302 and the molding compound 112.

As shown in FIG. 3C, an adhesion layer 304 may cover a portion of thehorizontal bottom surface of the lead frame 102 to promote adhesionbetween the lead frame 102 and the molding compound 112. The adhesionlayer 304 may also partially cover the lead frame surface mount pads 106on the bottom side of the lead frame 102.

As shown in FIG. 3D, the adhesion layer 302 may cover the horizontal topsurfaces of the lead frame 102, the adhesion layer 304 may cover thehorizontal bottom surfaces, and an adhesion layer 306 may cover verticalsurfaces of the lead frame 102 to promote adhesion between the leadframe 102 and the molding compound 112.

As shown in FIG. 3E, the adhesion layer 302 may cover the horizontal topsurfaces of the lead frame 102 and the adhesion layer 304 may coverhorizontal bottom surfaces of the lead frame 102 to promote adhesionbetween the lead frame 102 and the molding compound 112.

Shown in FIG. 4A is an embodiment of a packaged wire bonded IC 400. Anadhesion layer 402 may cover the horizontal top surfaces of the leadframe 102 to promote adhesion between the horizontal top surfaces of thelead frame 102 and the molding compound 112. The IC chip 210 is attachedto the lead frame 102 with an adhesive 424. Wire bonds 420 electricallyconnect bond pads 413 on the IC chip 210 to the wire bond pads 104 onthe lead frame 102. The IC chip 210, lead frame 102, wire bonds 420, andadhesive layer 402 are encapsulated with molding compound 112 to formthe embodiment of the packaged wire bonded IC 400.

Shown in FIG. 4B is another embodiment of a packaged wire bonded IC 401.An adhesion layer 404 may cover the horizontal bottom surfaces of thelead frame 102 to promote adhesion between the horizontal bottomsurfaces of the lead frame 102 and the molding compound 112. Theadhesion layer 404 may also cover an outer portion the surface mountpads 106 on the bottom side of the lead frame 102.

Shown in FIG. 4C is another embodiment of a packaged wire bonded IC 403.Adhesion layer 402 may cover a portion of the horizontal top surfaces ofthe lead frame 102. Adhesion layer 406 may also cover a portion of thevertical surfaces of the lead frame 102. Adhesion layer 404 maypartially cover the horizontal bottom surfaces of the lead frame 102.Adhesion layer 404 may also cover an outer portion of the lead framesurface mount pads 106.

FIG. 4D illustrates another embodiment of a packaged wire bonded IC 407where the adhesion layers 402 and 404 are deposited using a techniquesuch as screen printing or roller coating that covers the top and bottomhorizontal surfaces of the lead frame 102 but does not cover thevertical surfaces.

FIGS. 5A-1 through 5D illustrate the attachment of an embodimentpackaged IC 500 to a circuit board 502.

FIGS. 5A-1 and 5A-2 show integrated circuit boards 502 and 503 withmetallic leads 504 and with circuit board surface mount pads 505 on thetopside of the circuit boards 502 and 503. In FIG. 5A-1 a solder mask507 covers the top side of the printed circuit board 503 and partiallycovers the leads 504. The solder mask 507 on this circuit board 503 doesnot cover the circuit board surface mount pads 505. In FIG. 5A-2 asolder mask 506 covers the top side of the printed circuit board 502 andcovers the leads 504. However, the solder mask 506 on this circuit board502 also covers an outer portion of the circuit board surface mount pads505. The solder patterns 506 and 507 may be formed using aphoto-imageable polyimide or epoxy.

In a subsequent manufacturing step, a template with openings over thecircuit board surface mount pads 505 is used to screen print solderpaste 508 and 509 onto the circuit board surface mount pads 505. FIGS.5B-1 and 5B-2 show the integrated circuit board 502 with screen printedsolder paste 508 and 509 posts on the circuit board surface mount pads504 where the lead frame surface mount pads 511 on the packaged IC 500are to be attached by soldering.

FIG. 5C shows the packaged IC 500 with the lead frame surface mount pads511, positioned over the solder paste posts 508 prior to heating andreflowing the solder paste to form solder joints 510.

FIG. 5D shows the packaged IC 500 with the lead frame surface mount pads511 attached to the circuit board surface mount pads 505 by solderjoints 510 after solder reflow.

The adhesion layer 404 which partially covers the lead frame surfacemount pads 511 limits the lateral reflow of the solder paste 508. Thelimited lateral flow of the solder paste 508 increases the height of thesolder joint 510. The increased height increases the distance 515between the circuit board 502 and the packaged IC 500. The increaseddistance 515 reduces the stress imposed on the solder joint 510 duringtemperature changes. The adhesion layer 404 reduces solder joint 510failures, thus improving reliability. The height of the solder joint 510is at least equal to the thickness of the adhesion layer 404. Moreover,the distance 515 between packaged IC 500 and the circuit board 502 maybe increased by increasing the thickness of the adhesion layer 404 ifdesired.

FIGS. 6A through 6C illustrate another method of attachment of anembodiment packaged IC 600 to a circuit board 502.

FIG. 6A shows a packaged IC 600 with solder balls 608 formed on the leadframe surface mount pads 611.

FIG. 6B shows the packaged IC 600 with the solder balls 608, positionedover the circuit board surface mount pads 505 prior to heating andreflowing the solder paste to form solder joints 610.

FIG. 6C shows the packaged IC 600 attached to the circuit board surfacemount pads 505 with solder joints 610 after reflow.

The adhesion layer 404 which partially covers the lead frame surfacemount pads 611 limits the lateral reflow of the solder. The limitedlateral flow of the solder increases the height of the solder joint 610.The increased height of the solder joint 610 increases the distance 615between the circuit board 502 and the packaged IC 600. The increaseddistance 615 reduces the stress imposed on the solder joint 610 duringtemperature changes. Solder joint 610 failures are reduced by the use ofthe adhesion layer 404, thus improving reliability. The height of thesolder joint 610 is at least the thickness of the adhesion layer 404.Moreover, the distance 615 between packaged IC 600 and the circuit board502 may be increased by increasing the thickness of the adhesion layer404.

A first method for a forming the embodiment lead frames described inFIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E is illustrated in the cross sections of theselected processing steps in FIGS. 7A through 7E-4. Corresponding planviews of the lead frame are shown in FIGS. 8A through 8E.

FIG. 7A shows a lead frame 702 with a bond pad pattern 704. As shown inthe top side plan view in FIG. 8A, the bond pad pattern 704 covers thelead frame 702. Openings 706 in the bond pad pattern 704 expose the leadframe 702 metal for electroplating.

As shown in FIG. 7B, openings 706 in the bond pad pattern 704 enablesolderable bond pads 708 or wire-bond pads 708 to be electroplated ontothe top side of the lead frame 702 and to enable lead frame surfacemount pads 709 to be electroplated onto the bottom side of the leadframe 702. The lead frame 702 is typically copper or a copper alloy.Once the solderable pads or wire bond pads 708 and the lead framesurface mount pads 709 are electroplated, the bond pad pattern 704 isremoved. The solderable bond pad 708, wire-bond pad 708, and lead framesurface mount pad 709 are typically a metal such as palladium on nickelor gold on palladium on nickel or tin. FIG. 8B shows a plan top sideview of the lead frame 702 with solderable pads 708 or wire-bond pads708.

FIGS. 7C-1, 7C-2, 7C-3, and 7C-4 illustrate four different embodimentlead frames that may be formed depending upon how and where theembodiment adhesion layers, 710, 712, and 714, are deposited. Theseexamples are for illustrative purposes and are not meant to be limiting.The adhesion layers 710, 712, and 714 may be an organic material similarto that used to build-up IC circuit boards. These organic materials maybe a photo-imageable polyimide or epoxy material and may be deposited byroller coating, screen printing, ink jet printing or may be electrocoated with an electro deposited ink.

The embodiment lead frame structures shown in FIGS. 7C-1, 7C-2, and FIG.7C-3 may be formed by depositing the adhesion layers, 710, and 712,using roller coating, screen printing, ink jet printing or anothertechnique that deposits the adhesion layers 710 and 712 on horizontalsurfaces. The thickness of the adhesion layers, 710 and 712, may be inthe range of about 1 um to 50 um. In an example embodiment lead framethe thickness of the adhesion layers, 710 and 712, are about 5 um.

The embodiment lead frame structure shown in FIG. 7C-4 may be formedusing electro deposition of the photo-imageable adhesion layers 710,712, and 714. Electro deposition deposits the photo-imageable adhesionlayers 710, 712, and 714 on horizontal and vertical surfaces of the leadframe 702. The photo-imageable adhesion layers 710, 712, and 714 may bea photo-Imageable, electroplateable ink, for example.

The plan view of the top side of an embodiment lead frame 702 coatedwith the adhesion layer 710 is shown in FIG. 80.

FIGS. 7D-1, 7D-2, 7D-3, and 7D-4 illustrate the lead frames of FIGS.70-1, 70-2, 70-3 and 70-4 after the photo-imageable adhesion layers 710,712, and 714 are exposed to form openings over the solderable or wirebond pads 708 and the lead frame surface mount pads 709. Photo-imageableadhesion layers 710, 712, 714 that polymerize becoming insoluble whenexposed to light are used for illustration. A bond pad exposure blockingmask prevents light from polymerizing the photo-imageable adhesionlayers 710, 712, and 714 in areas 720 over the solderable or wire bondpads 708 and in areas 722 over the lead frame surface mount pads 709. Atop side plan view of FIGS. 7D-1, 7D-3, and 7D-4 is shown in FIG. 8Dwith crosslinked insoluble photo-Imageable adhesion layer 710 over aportion of the lead frame 702 and with unexposed soluble photo-imageableadhesion layer 720 over a central portion of the solderable or wire bondpads 708.

FIGS. 7E-1, 7E-2, 7E-3 and 7E-4 illustrate the lead frames of FIGS.7D-1, 7D-2, 7D-3, and 7D-4 after the unexposed soluble photo-imageableadhesion layers 720 and 722 are developed to form openings 730 over thesolderable or wire bond pads 708 on the top side of the lead frame 702and are developed to form openings 732 over the lead frame surface mountpads 709 on the bottom side.

The size of the opening 730 in the photo-imageable adhesion layer 710 issmaller than the size of the underlying solderable pad or wire bond pad708. The size of the opening 732 in the photo-imageable adhesion layer712 is smaller than the size of the underlying lead frame surface mountpad 709. The smaller size of openings 730 and 732 limits the lateralreflow of solder during solder joint formation. The reduced lateralreflow results in the formation of solder joints with an increasedheight. The increased solder joint height results in reduced solderjoint failures.

The adhesion layers 710, 712, and 714 adhere strongly to the underlyinglead frame 702. In addition, the molding compound 112 adheres stronglyto the adhesion layers 710, 712, and 714. The adhesion layers 710, 712,and 714 may form strong covalent bonds between the adhesion layers 710,712, 714 and the molding compound 112. As a result, the adhesion layers710, 712, and 714 may reduce delamination of the molding compound 112from the lead frame 702 during moisture sensitivity levelpreconditioning (MSL) and during thermal cycling. Therefore, theadhesion layers 710, 712, and 714 may improve yield and reliability.

A packaged version of the embodiment lead fame in FIG. 7E-1 isillustrated in FIG. 3B. In FIG. 3B, the adhesion layer 302 partiallycovers and limits the area of the solderable or wire-bond pads 104exposed during the flip chip soldering of the IC chip 110 (FIG. 3B) tothe lead frame 102. This limits the amount of solder reflow, therebyincreasing the distance 115 between the IC chip 110 and the lead frame102. The increased distance 115 may reduce the stress on the solderjoint 308 caused by differences between the coefficients of thermalexpansion of the lead frame 102 and the IC chip 110. The reduced stressmay result in reduced solder joint 308 failures.

A second method of forming an embodiment lead frame with adhesion layeris described in the cross sections of selected manufacturing steps inFIGS. 9A through 9F and the corresponding top down views in FIGS. 10Athrough 10F.

FIG. 9A shows a lead frame blank 900 with a bond pad pattern 902.Openings 906 in the bond pad pattern 902 enable solderable pads or wirebond pads 908 to be electroplated onto the top side of the lead frameblank 900 and enable lead frame surface mount pads 909 to beelectroplated onto the bottom side of the lead frame blank 900. The topside view of FIG. 10A shows the lead frame blank 900 with the bond padpattern 902 and openings 906 in the bond pad pattern 902.

FIG. 9B shows the lead frame blank 900 with electroplated solderablepads or wire bond pads 908 on the top side of the lead frame blank 900and with electroplated surface mount pads 909 on the bottom side. FIG.10B shows a plan view of the lead frame blank 900 with solderable orwire bond pads 908.

FIG. 9C shows the lead frame and solderable or wire bond pads 908 afterthey are coated with the photo-imageable adhesion layers 910 and 912.Photo-imageable adhesion layers, 910 and 912, may be an organic materialsimilar to that used to build-up circuit boards. These organic materialsmay be a photo-imageable polyimide or epoxy material and may bedeposited by roller coating, screen printing, ink jet printing or may beelectro coated using an ink. The photo-imageable adhesion layers, 910and 912, used to illustrate this embodiment may be formed of a photosensitive polymer that cross links and becomes insoluble when exposed tolight.

In FIG. 9D a first bond pad and lead frame exposure blocking mask isused to expose the photo-imageable adhesion layer 910 on the topside ofthe lead frame blank 900. Light is blocked from areas where thephoto-imageable adhesion layer 910 is to be later removed by developing.These areas include regions 920 over a central portion of solderablepads 908 or wire bond pads 908, and regions 922 over the lead frameblank 900 that are to be etched away to form the lead frame 902.

A second bond pad and lead frame exposure blocking mask is used toexpose the photo-imageable adhesion layer 912 on the bottom side of thelead frame blank 900. Light is blocked from areas where thephoto-imageable adhesion layer 912 is to be removed by developing. Theseareas include regions 923 over a central portion of the lead framesurface mount pads 909 and regions 925 over the lead frame blank 900that are to be etched away to form the lead frame 902.

FIG. 9E shows the lead frame blank 900 after the photo-imageableadhesion layers 910 and 912 are developed to form openings, 930, overthe solderable pads or the wire-bond pads 908 and to form openings 932over the surface mount pads 909. Openings 934 are also formed where thelead frame blank 900 is to be etched. FIG. 10E is a top side plan viewafter the photo-imageable adhesion layer 910 is developed to formopenings 934 where the solder blank 900 is to be etched and to formopenings 930 over the solderable pads 908.

FIG. 9F shows the lead frame 902 after the lead frame blank 900 isetched away to form the embodiment lead frames 902. The horizontalsurfaces are coated with the adhesion layers 910 and 912. Thephoto-imageable adhesion layer 910 and the solderable pads 908 or wirebond pads 908 may function as an etching mask during the etching stepthat forms the lead frames 902. The lead frame blank 900 may be etchedusing a ferrous chloride solution, for example.

FIG. 10F shows a plan view of the completed lead frame 902. Thephoto-imageable adhesion layer 910 partially covers the lead frames 902and covers an outer portion of the solderable pads 908 or the wire bondpads 908.

Alternatively, as illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B, a lead frame etchpattern 955 having openings 960 and 962 where the lead frame blank 900is to be etched may be formed using conventional methods such asphotoresist patterning. The lead frame blank 900 metal may then beetched to form the lead frames 964. The lead frame etch pattern 955 maythen be removed. This method may be preferred when the etchant used toetch the lead frame blank 900 may attack the metal of a solderable pad908, wire-bond pad 908, or the lead frame surface mount pad 909 if theyare not protected during the etch.

While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample only and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosedembodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the breadthand scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of theabove described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the disclosure shouldbe defined in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A lead frame structure, comprising: a lead frame;a solderable pad or a wire bond pad located on a top horizontal surfaceof the lead frame; a surface mount pad located on a bottom horizontalsurface of the lead frame; and an adhesion layer that covers a portionof the lead frame;
 2. The lead frame of claim 1, wherein the adhesionlayer is polyimide or an epoxy material with a thickness in the range ofabout 1 um to 50 um.
 3. The lead frame of claim 1, wherein the adhesionlayer is a photo-imageable polyimide or a photo-imageable epoxy materialwith a thickness in the range of about 1 um to 50 um.
 4. The lead frameof claim 1, wherein the adhesion layer covers a portion of the tophorizontal surface of the lead frame and wherein the adhesion layercovers an outer portion of the wire bond pad or an outer portion of thesolderable pad.
 5. The lead frame of claim 1, wherein the adhesion layercovers a portion of the top horizontal surface of the lead frame, coversa portion of the bottom horizontal surface of the lead frame, and coversan outer portion of the lead frame surface mount pad.
 6. The lead frameof claim 1, wherein the adhesion layer covers a portion of the tophorizontal surface of the lead frame, covers a portion of the bottomhorizontal surface of the lead frame, covers an outer portion of thesolderable pad or wire bond pad, and covers an outer portion of the leadframe surface mount pad.
 7. The lead frame of claim 1, wherein theadhesion layer covers a portion of the top horizontal surface of thelead frame, covers a portion of the bottom horizontal surface of thelead frame, covers a portion of a vertical surface of the lead frame,and covers an outer portion of the lead frame surface mount pad.
 8. Thelead frame of claim 1, wherein the adhesion layer covers a portion ofthe top horizontal surface of the lead frame, covers a portion of thebottom horizontal surface of the lead frame, covers a portion of avertical surface of the lead frame, covers an outer portion of thesolderable pad or wire bond pad, and covers an outer portion of the leadframe surface mount pad.
 9. The lead frame of claim 1, further includingan integrated circuit coupled to the solderable pad with a solder jointwherein a width of the solder joint is defined by a width of an openingin the adhesion layer over the solderable pad and wherein a height ofthe solder joint is greater than a thickness of the adhesion layer. 10.The lead frame of claim 1, further including an integrated circuitcoupled to the solderable pad with a solder joint; the lead frame andintegrated circuit encapsulated with molding compound wherein a firstsurface of the adhesion layer adheres to the lead frame and wherein asecond surface of the adhesion layer adheres to the molding compound.11. The lead frame of claim 1, further including a circuit board surfacemount pad on an integrated circuit board coupled to the lead framesurface mount pad with a solder joint wherein a width of the solderjoint is defined by a width of an opening in the adhesion layer over thelead frame surface mount pad and wherein a height of the solder joint isgreater than a thickness of the adhesion layer.
 12. The lead frame ofclaim 1, further including an integrated circuit coupled to the wirebond pad with a wire bond; the lead frame, the integrated circuit, andthe wire bond encapsulated with molding compound wherein a first surfacethe adhesion layer adheres to the lead frame and wherein a secondsurface of the adhesion layer adheres to the molding compound.
 13. Thelead frame of claim 1, further including covalent bonds between themolding compound and the adhesion layer.